[Anti-depression mechanism of Zuojin Pills:based on UHPLC-TOF-MS, network pharmacology, and experimental verification].

This study aims to explore the anti-depression mechanism of Zuojin Pills based on the plasma constituents, network pharmacology, and experimental verification. UHPLC-TOF-MS was used for qualitative analysis of Zuojin Pills-containing serum. Targets of the plasma constituents and the disease were retrieved from PharmMapper and GeneCards. Then the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was constructed and core targets were screened for GO term enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment. Cytoscape 3.7.2 was employed construct the "compound-target-pathway" network and the targets and signaling pathways of Zuojin Pills against depression were predicted. CUMS-induced depression mouse model was established to verify the key targets. The results showed that a total of 21 constituents migrating to blood of Zuojin Pills were identified, which were mainly alkaloids. A total of 155 common targets of the constituents and the disease and 67 core targets were screened out. KEGG enrichment and PPI network analysis showed that Zuojin Pills may play a role in the treatment of depression through AMPK/SIRT1, NLRP3, insulin and other targets and pathways. Furthermore, the results of animal experiments showed that Zuojin Pills could significantly improve the depression behaviors of depression, reduce the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α in hippocampus and serum, activate AMPK/SIRT1 signaling, and reduce the protein expression of NLRP3. In conclusion, Zuojin Pills may play a role in the treatment of depression by activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, and inhibiting NLRP3 activation and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of mice.

Pd/MIL-100(Fe) as hydrogen activator for FeIII/FeII cycle: Fenton removal of sulfamethazine.

Masses of iron sludge generated from engineering practice of classic Fenton reaction constraints its further promotion. Accelerating the FeIII/FeII cycle may be conducive to reducing the initial ferrous slat dosage and the final iron sludge. Based on the reduction of Pd/MIL-100(Fe)-activated hydrogen, an improved Fenton system named MHACF-MIL-100(Fe) was developed at ambient temperature and pressure. 97.8% of sulfamethazine, the target pollutant in this work, could be degraded in 5 min under the conditions of 20 mM H2O2, 25 µM ferrous chloride, initial pH 3.0, 2 g·L-1 composite catalyst Pd/MIL-100(Fe) and hydrogen gas 60 mL·min-1. Combining density functional theory (DFT) calculation and intermediate detection, the degradation of this antibiotic was inferred to start from the cleavage of N-S bond. The catalytic of Pd/MIL-100(Fe), demonstrated by the removal efficiency of SMT and the catalyst morphology, remained intact after six reaction cycles. The present study provides an insight into the promotion of Fenton reaction.

[Mechanism of Jiaotai Pills in treatment of depression based on quantitative proteomics].

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Jiaotai Pills on protein expression in the hippocampus of the rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression by quantitative proteomics and explore the anti-depression mechanism of Jiaotai Pills. The SD rats were randomized into control, model, Jiaotai Pills, and fluoxetine groups(n=8). Other groups except the control group were subjected to CUMS modeling for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of continuous administration, the changes of behavior and pathological morphology of the hippocampal tissue were observed. Proteins were extracted from the hippocampal tissue, and bioinformatics analysis was performed for the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs) identified by quantitative proteomics. Western blot was employed to verify the key DEPs. The results showed that Jiaotai Pills significantly alleviated the depression behaviors and hippocampal histopathological changes in the rat model of CUMS-induced depression. A total of 5 412 proteins were identified in the hippocampus of rats, including 65 DEPs between the control group and the model group and 35 DEPs between the Jiaotai Pills group and the model group. There were 16 DEPs with the same trend in the Jiaotai Pills group and the control group, which were mainly involved in sphingolipid, AMPK, and dopaminergic synapse signaling pathways. The Western blot results of Ppp2r2b, Cers1, and Ndufv3 in the hippocampus were consistent with the results of proteomics. In conclusion, Jiaotai Pills may play an anti-depression role by modulating the levels of Ppp2r2b, Cers1, Ndufv3 and other proteins and regulating sphingolipid, AMPK, and dopaminergic synapse signaling pathways.

[Pharmacokinetic interaction of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in rats with CUMS-induced depression].

A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneously determining the components(magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, berberrubine, coptisine, berberine) of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in plasma of rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression to investigate the pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in the rats. The six components showed good linear relationship within the corresponding concentration ranges, and the method showed high specificity, accuracy, precision, and stability. Their pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 3.2.2, and the results showed that the in vivo metabolic processes of the six components accorded with the characteristics of non-compartmental model. When Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine were used together, the AUC_(0-t), AUC_(0-∞), C_(max), and C_(av) of magnoflorine all significantly increased(P<0.05), while the pharmacokinetic trend of berberrubine was opposite to that of magnoflorine, as manifested by the decrease in AUC_(0-t), AUC_(0-∞), T_(max), C_(max), and C_(av)(P<0.01, P<0.05). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine followed the trend of berberrubine. There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Fluoxetine in the single or combination groups. This study suggests that the enhanced antidepressant efficacy of Jiaotai Pills and Fluo-xetine may be attributed to the pharmacokinetic interaction.

Salidroside ameliorates orthopedic surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction by activating adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling in mice.

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are the most common postoperative complications with few therapeutic options. Salidroside, a plant-derived compound, has gained increased attention as a treatment for various neurological diseases and particularly as a modifier of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. However, the effect of salidroside on orthopedic surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we found that salidroside greatly attenuated cognitive impairment in mice after orthopedic surgery. Neuroinflammation in the mouse hippocampus was also attenuated by salidroside. Meanwhile, salidroside treatment induced a switch in microglial polarization to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. In vitro, salidroside suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and induced a switch in microglial phenotype to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, molecular docking studies revealed the potential AMPK activation activity of salidroside. And salidroside did up-regulated the AMPK pathway proteins. Moreover, AMPK antagonist abolished the effects of salidroside in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our results demonstrated that salidroside effectively suppressed PND by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through activating AMPK pathway, and it might be a novel therapeutic approach for PND.

Evidence for Anticancer Effects of Chinese Medicine Monomers on Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers worldwide. Although clinical reports have indicated the anticancer effects of Chinese herbal medicine, the multiple underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms of action remain to be fully characterized. Chinese medicine (CM) monomers, which are the active components of CM, serve as the material basis of the functional mechanisms of CM. The aim of this review is to summarize the current experimental evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies for the effects of CM monomers in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment, providing some useful references for future research.

[Comparison of in vivo pharmacokinetics of five constituents in Zhishi Zhizi Chi Decoction in normal rats and CUMS-induced depressive rats].

A LC-MS/MS method was developed for the rapid and simultaneous determination of genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside,geniposide,naringin,hesperidin and neohesperidin in SD rat plasma.The linear relationships of these five constituents in rats were validated,and the specificity,accuracy,precision and stability met the requirements.Their pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 3.2.2,and the results showed that the metabolic process in vivo of the five constituents accorded with the characteristics of noncompartmental model.Their main pharmacokinetic parameters were listed as follows:(1) genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside:t_(1/2)(3.20±0.51)h,C_(max)(403.15±96.93)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(612.56±148.50)µg·L~(-1)·h for the model group,while t_(1/2)(3.07±0.75) h,C_(max)(229.50±60.63)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(413.14±76.37)µg·L~(-1)·h for the normal group;(2) geniposide:t_(1/2)(3.24±0.68) h,C_(max)(2 961.40±688.02)µg·L~(-1),and AUC_(0-t)(10 972.87±1 992.96)µg·L~(-1)·h for the model group,while t_(1/2)(4.56±0.96) h,C_(max)(1 833.27±558.13)µg·L~(-1),and AUC_(0-t)(8 996.27±3 053.48)µg·L~(-1)·h for the normal group;(3) naringin:t_(1/2)(1.64±0.59) h,C_(max)(415.13±259.54)µg·L~(-1),and AUC_(0-t)(608.62±289.05)µg·L~(-1)·h for the model group,while t_(1/2)(1.02±0.25) h,C_(max)(355.08±180.00)µg·L~(-1),and AUC_(0-t)(501.07±242.68)µg·L~(-1)·h for the normal group;(4) hesperidin:t_(1/2)(0.86±0.29) h,C_(max)(95.17±22.80)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(141.19±54.63)µg·L~(-1)·h for the model group,while t_(1/2)(0.95±0.31) h,C_(max)(46.48±18.33)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(69.51±14.73)µg·L~(-1)·h for the normal group;(5) neohesperidin:t_(1/2)(0.89±0.29) h,C_(max)(828.78±361.56)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(1 292.29±553.73)µg·L~(-1)·h for the model group,while t_(1/2)(0.90±0.31) h,C_(max)(314.68±172.45)µg·L~(-1)and AUC_(0-t)(385.99±138.55)µg·L~(-1)·h for the normal group.

[Effects of Jiaotai Pills on CUMS-induced depression model in mice based on changes of SIRT1 expression in hippocampus].

The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of Jiaotai Pills on depressed mice induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS). The CUMS-induced depression model mice were established and the depression behaviors of mice were evaluated by sucrose preference test, open field test, tail suspension test, and forced swimming test. Molecular docking was employed to simulate the interaction of six main active ingredients in Jiaotai Pills with SIRT1. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the level of SIRT1 in the hippocampus of mice. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of SIRT1, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65, and FoxO1 in the hippocampus of mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits were used to detect the levels of interleukin(IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the hippocampus and serum of mice. Biochemical kits were used to detect superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) and glutathione(GSH) levels in the hippocampus and serum of mice. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was used to detect the levels of dopamine(DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), and norepinephrine(NE) in the hippocampus and serum of mice. The results showed that the sucrose preference rate, movement distance, and the number of crossing centers were reduced in the model group(P<0.01), and the tail suspension time and swimming immobility time were increased(P<0.01). Molecular docking results indicated good binding of six main active ingredients in Jiaotai Pills to SIRT1. In the hippocampus, the expression level of SIRT1 was reduced(P<0.01), and the levels of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 and FoxO1 were increased(P<0.01). In the hippocampus and serum, the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA were increased(P<0.01), and the activity of SOD and the levels of GSH, DA, 5-HT, NE, and BDNF were reduced(P<0.01). The treatment with high-dose Jiaotai Pills increased the sucrose preference rate, movement distance, and the number of crossing centers(P<0.05), reduced tail suspension time and swimming immobility time(P<0.01), elevated hippocampal SIRT1 expression level(P<0.01), decreased hippocampal and serum IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels(P<0.01), potentiated SOD activity, and up-regulated GSH, DA, 5-HT, NE, and BDNF levels in the hippocampus and serum(P<0.05, P<0.01) in model mice. In conclusion, the results showed that Jiaotai Pills could improve the depression behaviors of model mice with CUMS-induced depression, and the underlying mechanism was related to the up-regulation of SIRT1 in the hippocampus of mice to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects.

Unraveling the Action Mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Tang (BYHWT) for Cerebral Ischemia by Systematic Pharmacological Methodology.

BACKGROUND: Buyang Huanwu Tang (BYHWT) and relevant Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has its unique advantages in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, its pharmacological mechanism has not been fully explained. OBJECTIVE: Base on the multi-component, also the entire disease network targets, the present study sets out to identify major bioactive ingredients, key disease targets, and pathways of BYHWT against cerebral ischemia disease by systematic pharmacological methodology. METHODS: Both the bioactive compounds from the BYHWT and the positive drugs against cerebral ischemia were fully investigated. The binding targets of the positive drugs were then obtained. A virtual screening protocol was then used to highlight the compound-target interaction and network was constructed to visualize the compound-target binding effect after docking analysis. Moreover, the targets enrichment analysis for biological processes and pathways were performed to further explore the function of bio-targets protein gene and its role in the signal pathway. RESULTS: A total of 382 active ingredients of the BYHWT and 23 candidate disease targets were identified. Virtual screening results indicated that multiple bioactive compounds targeted multiple proteins. Each compound acts on one or more targets. The mechanisms were linked to 20 signaling pathways, and the key mechanism was related to serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway and camp signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: The present study explored the bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of BYHWT against cerebral ischemia by systematic pharmacological methodology. The novel methodology would provide a reference for the lead discovery of precursors, disease mechanism and material base for TCM.

Sirtuin 3 deficiency exacerbates diabetic cardiomyopathy via necroptosis enhancement and NLRP3 activation.

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular, metabolic, and other aging-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT3 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Mice were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, ip) to induce diabetes mellitus. Our proteomics analysis revealed that SIRT3 expression in the myocardium of diabetic mice was lower than that of control mice, as subsequently confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. To explore the role of SIRT3 in DCM, SIRT3-knockout mice and 129S1/SvImJ wild-type mice were injected with STZ. We found that diabetic mice with SIRT3 deficiency exhibited aggravated cardiac dysfunction, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the serum, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level in the myocardium, exacerbated myocardial injury, and promoted myocardial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with SIRT3 siRNA, then exposed to high glucose (HG, 25.5 mM). We found that downregulation of SIRT3 further increased LDH release, decreased ATP level, suppressed the mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated oxidative stress in HG-treated cardiomyocytes. SIRT3 deficiency further raised expression of necroptosis-related proteins including receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and cleaved caspase 3, and upregulated the expression of inflammation-related proteins including NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase 1 p20, and interleukin-1ß both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, SIRT3 deficiency aggravated hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial damage, increased ROS accumulation, promoted necroptosis, possibly activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and ultimately exacerbated DCM in the mice. These results suggest that SIRT3 can be a molecular intervention target for the prevention and treatment of DCM.

Rational Molecular Design of Dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Orange-Red OLEDs with EQE up to 22.0.

The design and synthesis of highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with an electroluminescence wavelength beyond 600 nm remains a great challenge for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To solve this issue, three TADF molecules, xDMAC-BP (x = 1, 2, 3), are developed in combination with the rigid planar dibenzo[a,c]phenazine (BP) acceptor core and different numbers of 9,9-dimethylacridan (DMAC) donors. All these emitters possess stable internal charge transfer and a large dihedral angle between the donors and planar BP core. The emission wavelength can be regulated from 541 to 605 nm by increasing the number of the donor DMAC units because of the controllable tuning of the intramolecular charge transfer effect and the molecular geometrical structure. The photoluminescence quantum yields of these emitters are improved from 42 to 89% with the increase in the number of DMAC units. The orange-red OLEDs employing the xDMAC-BP emitters exhibit maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.0% at 606 nm, which is the highest EQE of the previously reported TADF OLEDs exceeding 600 nm.

Two novel blue phosphorescent host materials containing phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide structure derivatives.

Two novel D-A bipolar blue phosphorescent host materials based on phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide: 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-10-ethyl-10H-phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide (CEPDO) and 10-butyl-3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-10H-phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide (CBPDO) were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties were systematically investigated. CEPDO and CBPDO not only have a high triplet energy but also show a bipolar behavior. Moreover, their fluorescence emission peaks are in the blue fluorescence region at 408 nm and the fluorescence quantum efficiency (Φ) of CEPDO and CBPDO were 62.5% and 59.7%, respectively. Both CEPDO and CBPDO showed very high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures (Td) of 409 and 396 °C as well as suitable HOMO and LUMO energy levels. This preferable performance suggests that CEPDO and CBPDO are alternative bipolar host materials for the PhOLEDs.

[Screen astragalosides from Huangqi injections by LC-TOF-MS-based mass defect filtering approach].

The samples of Huangqi injection (HI) were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and both positive and negative ion modes were employed to obtain the LC-TOF-MS analysis information of chemical compounds in HI. Then the mass defect filtering (MDF) approach, which was developed based on the previously published articles, was utilized to rapidly screen the astragalosides from the obtained LC-TOF-MS data. Each screened astragaloside was confirmed by the presence of no less than 2 quasi-molecular ions. All the screened astragalosides were then tentatively assigned according to the parent ion and daughter ion information. Finally, a total of 62 astragalosides were screened and characterized from the HI samples, including 15 new detected ones. The identification results indicated that acetylation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, methoxylation and hydration might be the major conversion reactions involved in the formation of the astragalosides. The LC-TOF-MS-based MDF approach was proved to be a feasible and efficient tool to screen the chemical constituents in complex matrices such as herbal medicines.

Urinary metabolomics reveals the therapeutic effect of HuangQi Injections in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats.

The side effects of cisplatin (CDDP), notably nephrotoxicity, greatly limited its use in clinical chemotherapy. HuangQi Injections (HI), a commonly used preparation of the well-known Chinese herbal medicine Astragali radix, appeared to be promising treatment for nephrotoxicity without compromising the anti-tumor activity of CDDP. In this study, the urinary metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS) was developed to assess the toxicity-attenuation effects and corresponding mechanisms of HI on CDDP-exposed rats. As a result, successive administration of HI significantly recovered the decline of body weight and downregulated the abnormal increase of serum creatinine and urea. HI partly restored the CDDP-induced alteration of metabolic profiling back into normal condition. Totally 43 toxicity-attenuation potential biomarkers were screened and tentatively identified, which were involved in important metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, fatty acid metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism and purine metabolism. The results clearly revealed that HI could alleviate CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and improve the disturbed metabolic balance induced by repeated CDDP exposure. The present study provided reliable evidence for the protective effect of HI on CDDP-induced toxicity with the multi-target pharmacological characteristics.

[Change of hepatic drug metabolism enzymes in rat depression model with kidney-yang deficiency].

This study was designed to explore the impact of depression on kidney-yang deficiency in rats. Rats were repeatedly injected with hydrocortisone for 21 days to establish the depression model with kidneyyang deficiency. Tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, theophylline, midazolam, omeprazole and dextromethorphan were used as substrates of CYP2C6, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, CYP3A2, CYP2D1, and CYP2D2 to test the depression impact on drug metabolism. Plasma concentrations of six CYP450 were determined by LC-MS/MS and used as pharmacokinetic parameters. Consequently, metabolism of theophylline, chlorzoxazone and tolbutamide were accelerated significantly in the model relative to the control (P < 0.01), but dextromethorphan, omeprazole and midazolam did not exhibit a significant difference. The present study suggests that depression with kidneyyang deficiency had a strong induction of CYP2E1 and moderate induction of CYP1A2, CYP2C6 in the rat model.

MicroRNA-29 family functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting RPS15A and regulating cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Growing evidence shows that miRNA plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-29 family were dramatically decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and clinical tissues. Then, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of miR-29 family could significantly suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HCC cells. Luciferase assay together with western blot assay confirmed that miR-29 family bound directly to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of RPS15A and reduced the expression of RPS15A. In addition, the cell cycle related gene including cyclinA, cyclin D1 and p21 were also down-regulated when increased the expression of miR-29 family, which is similar as silencing RPS15A expression. Moreover, co-transfection of miR-29 mimics with 3'UTR-deleted RPS15A could rescue the expressions of cyclin A and cyclin D1 while down-regulate the p21 expression. In conclusion, miR-29 family functions as a novel tumor suppressor in HCC by regulate cell growth and cell cycle through binding to RPS15A 3'UTR. These findings may be utilized in developing novel therapeutic tools for HCC.

Systematic screening and characterization of astragalosides in an oral solution of Radix Astragali by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and Peakview software.

Liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with automated data analysis by Peakview software was employed to systematically screen and characterize the astragalosides in Radix Astragali, a Chinese medical preparation. The separation was performed on a poroshell 120 SB-C18 column equipped in a conventional liquid chromatography system. After being separated using a general gradient elution, the analytes were detected by the triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in both positive- and negative-ion modes. The mass defect filtering function built in the Peakview software was utilized to rapidly screen the potential ions of interest, while some functions of Peakview such as Formula Finder, XIC manager, and IDA Explorer were employed to facilitate the assignment or characterization of the screened astragalosides. A total of 42 astragalosides were screened and tentatively characterized or assigned, and 20 of them were firstly detected in Radix Astragali. According to the screened astragalosides, acetylation, glycosidation, hydrogenation, oxidation, and hydration were considered to be the major secondary metabolic pathways involved in the formation of the astragalosides. The combination of liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and automated Peakview analysis is a feasible and efficient tool to screen and identify the constituents in complex matrices of herbal medicines.

[Synergistic Effects of Clopidogrel and Xuesaitong Dispersible Tablet by Modulating Plasma Protein Binding].

Objective: The ginsenoside Rb1,which account for platelet aggregation of Xuesaitong dispersible tablet, was selected to investigate the synergistic effects of clopidogrel( CPG) and Xuesaitong dispersible tablet drug by modulating plasma protein binding rate aspect. Methods: The HPLC and equilibrium dialysis were employed to determine the concentration of Rb1 both in dialysate( PBS) and blank plasma from healthy volunteer blood donors. The differences in protein-binding rate between Xuesaitong dispersible tablet alone( the concentration of ginsenoside Rb1 were 5. 0,1. 0,0. 4 µg / m L,respectively) and combined with CPG( each add CPG 2 µg / m L) were then compared. The three-dimensional spatial structure of the blank plasma albumin( HSA) in the subjects was construct by rabbit plasma albumin( PDB ID 3V09) template and evaluated by PRO-CHECK and ERRAT methods. Molecular simulation technique was used to display the competition mechanism with human plasma protein. Results: The protein binding rate of Xuesaitong dispersible tablet alone group in plasma PBS and human plasma at high( the concentration of ginsenoside Rb1 were 5. 0 µg / m L),middle( the concentred of ginsenoside Rb1 were 1. 0 µg / m L) and low( the concentration of ginsenoside Rb1 were 0. 4 µg / m L) concentrations were( 58. 17 ±3. 82) %,( 57. 43 ± 3. 21) %,( 55. 63 ± 3. 42) % respectively. When combined with CPG( each add CPG 2 µg / m L),the protein binding rate value were decline to( 46. 54 ± 3. 35) %,( 49. 25 ± 3. 56) %,( 48. 15 ± 3. 76) %,respectively. The molecular simulation results suggested that the two compounds have competitive synergistic effects with human plasma protein. Conclusion: The present investigation suggestes that there are synergistic effects of CPG and Xuesaitong dispersible tablet by modulating plasma protein binding rate of ginsenoside Rb1.

[Study of change in activity of hepatic drug metabolism enzymes in rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress].

This study aimed to explore the impact of depression caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on in vivo activity of six kinds of CYP450 isoforms in rats. According to 'Katz' method, the model of CUMS was established. Tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, theophylline, midazolam, omeprazole and dextromethorphan were chosen as probe substrates of CYP2C6, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, CYP3A2, CYP2D1 and CYP2D2 of rats. Plasma concentration of six kinds of CYP450 in control group and model group were determined by LC-MS/MS and computed pharmacokinetic parameters. Consequently, metabolism of theophylline and chlorzoxazone accelerated significantly (P < 0.01), but tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, omeprazole and midazolam had no significant difference. The present study proved that depression caused by CUMS had strong induction to CYP1A2 and medium induction to CYP2E1.

[Study on biomarker of Tripterygium wilfordii in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on PK/PD].

To observe the serum samples and the anti-inflammatory effect of Tripterygium wilfordii in treating RA by using the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, make a correlation analysis on concentration-time and effect-time curves, and explore RORγt, IL-17, STAT3, IL-6 mRNA transcriptional levels in rats by PCR. Methotrexate, tripterine and high-dose T. wilfordii could down-regulate RORγt, IL-17, STAT3, IL-6 mRNA transcriptional levels in AA rat lymph nodes. The study on PK-PD model showed correlations between inflammatory factors and blood concentration of T. wilfordii. T. wilfordii and its main active constituent tripterine could show the inflammatory effect and treat RA by inhibiting IL-17 cytokine.